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Document Title: Ettlinger-Skiing-Spring87.shtml
Article Title: 1991 and Beyond: A look at what new technology may be in store for skiers in the next few years—and a look beyond...
Author: Carl Ettlinger, illustrations by William Hamilton
Publication: Skiing Magazine
Date: Spring 1987
Keywords: Alpine skiing, bindings, ski boot, knee injuries, twisting, revenge effect, anterior-drawer forcing, hyperextension, hyperflexion, boot-induced ACL tear, phantom-foot ACL tear.
(Reference-denoting numbers appear in the same font and point size as the document text. As with all Knee Library documents, this article is provided in full-text form, complete with all figures and tables.)
Comments: This intriguing general-level article discusses knee injuries in the context of ski-binding-and-boot system design. Ettlinger also delves in some novel (and now historical) conceptualizations in the realm of alpine-skiing bindings, including the Spademan, Nava, and Cubco designs. The root cause of knee injuries is that the binding cannot accurately read the twisting forces (torques) at the knee, since these forces vary with the angle at which the knee happens to be flexed at each point in time. There is one way to enable the binding to read the torque at the knee, but this requires wearing a functional knee brace and connecting the lower shell of such a brace to the ski boot in a twist-arresting fashion. Designing a standalone binding (i.e. without requiring a knee-brace-and-ski-boot attachment) so that the skier remains in control, and so that the binding does not release inappropriately and yet releases reliably when knee injury is imminent, remains a major challenge. (Further comments on this topic are provided in the other Ettlinger articles in this section.)
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